#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# File:         ExifTool.pod - Documentation for File::ExifTool
#
# Description:  Read and write meta information
#
# URL:          https://exiftool.org/
#
# Legal:        Copyright (c) 2003-2023, Phil Harvey (philharvey66 at gmail.com)
#               This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
#               modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

=head1 NAME

Image::ExifTool - Read and write meta information

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Image::ExifTool qw(:Public);

  # ---- Simple procedural usage ----

  # Get hash of meta information tag names/values from an image
  $info = ImageInfo('a.jpg');

  # ---- Object-oriented usage ----

  # Create a new Image::ExifTool object
  $exifTool = Image::ExifTool->new;

  # Extract meta information from an image
  $exifTool->ExtractInfo($file, \%options);

  # Get list of tags in the order they were found in the file
  @tagList = $exifTool->GetFoundTags('File');

  # Get the value of a specified tag
  $value = $exifTool->GetValue($tag, $type);

  # Get a tag description
  $description = $exifTool->GetDescription($tag);

  # Get the group name associated with this tag
  $group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, $family);

  # Set a new value for a tag
  $exifTool->SetNewValue($tag, $newValue);

  # Write new meta information to a file
  $success = $exifTool->WriteInfo($srcfile, $dstfile);

  # ...plus a host of other useful methods...

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Reads and writes meta information in a wide variety of files, including the
maker notes of many digital cameras by various manufacturers such as Canon,
Casio, DJI, FLIR, FujiFilm, GE, GoPro, HP, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf,
Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon, Nintendo, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica,
Pentax/Asahi, Phase One, Reconyx, Ricoh, Samsung, Sanyo, Sigma/Foveon and
Sony.

Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):

  File Types
  ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
  360   r/w   | DPX   r     | ITC   r     | NRW   r/w   | RAM   r
  3FR   r     | DR4   r/w/c | J2C   r     | NUMBERS r   | RAR   r
  3G2   r/w   | DSS   r     | JNG   r/w   | O     r     | RAW   r/w
  3GP   r/w   | DV    r     | JP2   r/w   | ODP   r     | RIFF  r
  A     r     | DVB   r/w   | JPEG  r/w   | ODS   r     | RSRC  r
  AA    r     | DVR-MS r    | JSON  r     | ODT   r     | RTF   r
  AAE   r     | DYLIB r     | JXL   r     | OFR   r     | RW2   r/w
  AAX   r/w   | EIP   r     | K25   r     | OGG   r     | RWL   r/w
  ACR   r     | EPS   r/w   | KDC   r     | OGV   r     | RWZ   r
  AFM   r     | EPUB  r     | KEY   r     | ONP   r     | RM    r
  AI    r/w   | ERF   r/w   | LA    r     | OPUS  r     | SEQ   r
  AIFF  r     | EXE   r     | LFP   r     | ORF   r/w   | SKETCH r
  APE   r     | EXIF  r/w/c | LIF   r     | ORI   r/w   | SO    r
  ARQ   r/w   | EXR   r     | LNK   r     | OTF   r     | SR2   r/w
  ARW   r/w   | EXV   r/w/c | LRV   r/w   | PAC   r     | SRF   r
  ASF   r     | F4A/V r/w   | M2TS  r     | PAGES r     | SRW   r/w
  AVI   r     | FFF   r/w   | M4A/V r/w   | PBM   r/w   | SVG   r
  AVIF  r/w   | FITS  r     | MACOS r     | PCD   r     | SWF   r
  AZW   r     | FLA   r     | MAX   r     | PCX   r     | THM   r/w
  BMP   r     | FLAC  r     | MEF   r/w   | PDB   r     | TIFF  r/w
  BPG   r     | FLIF  r/w   | MIE   r/w/c | PDF   r/w   | TORRENT r
  BTF   r     | FLV   r     | MIFF  r     | PEF   r/w   | TTC   r
  CHM   r     | FPF   r     | MKA   r     | PFA   r     | TTF   r
  COS   r     | FPX   r     | MKS   r     | PFB   r     | TXT   r
  CR2   r/w   | GIF   r/w   | MKV   r     | PFM   r     | VCF   r
  CR3   r/w   | GPR   r/w   | MNG   r/w   | PGF   r     | VNT   r
  CRM   r/w   | GZ    r     | MOBI  r     | PGM   r/w   | VRD   r/w/c
  CRW   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MODD  r     | PLIST r     | VSD   r
  CS1   r/w   | HDR   r     | MOI   r     | PICT  r     | WAV   r
  CSV   r     | HEIC  r/w   | MOS   r/w   | PMP   r     | WDP   r/w
  CUR   r     | HEIF  r/w   | MOV   r/w   | PNG   r/w   | WEBP  r/w
  CZI   r     | HTML  r     | MP3   r     | PPM   r/w   | WEBM  r
  DCM   r     | ICC   r/w/c | MP4   r/w   | PPT   r     | WMA   r
  DCP   r/w   | ICO   r     | MPC   r     | PPTX  r     | WMV   r
  DCR   r     | ICS   r     | MPG   r     | PS    r/w   | WTV   r
  DFONT r     | IDML  r     | MPO   r/w   | PSB   r/w   | WV    r
  DIVX  r     | IIQ   r/w   | MQV   r/w   | PSD   r/w   | X3F   r/w
  DJVU  r     | IND   r/w   | MRC   r     | PSP   r     | XCF   r
  DLL   r     | INSP  r/w   | MRW   r/w   | QTIF  r/w   | XLS   r
  DNG   r/w   | INSV  r     | MXF   r     | R3D   r     | XLSX  r
  DOC   r     | INX   r     | NEF   r/w   | RA    r     | XMP   r/w/c
  DOCX  r     | ISO   r     | NKSC  r/w   | RAF   r/w   | ZIP   r

  Meta Information
  ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
  EXIF           r/w/c  |  CIFF           r/w  |  Ricoh RMETA    r
  GPS            r/w/c  |  AFCP           r/w  |  Picture Info   r
  IPTC           r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta     r/w  |  Adobe APP14    r
  XMP            r/w/c  |  FotoStation    r/w  |  MPF            r
  MakerNotes     r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic  r/w  |  Stim           r
  Photoshop IRB  r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000      r    |  DPX            r
  ICC Profile    r/w/c  |  DICOM          r    |  APE            r
  MIE            r/w/c  |  Flash          r    |  Vorbis         r
  JFIF           r/w/c  |  FlashPix       r    |  SPIFF          r
  Ducky APP12    r/w/c  |  QuickTime      r    |  DjVu           r
  PDF            r/w/c  |  Matroska       r    |  M2TS           r
  PNG            r/w/c  |  MXF            r    |  PE/COFF        r
  Canon VRD      r/w/c  |  PrintIM        r    |  AVCHD          r
  Nikon Capture  r/w/c  |  FLAC           r    |  ZIP            r
  GeoTIFF        r/w/c  |  ID3            r    |  (and more)

=head1 CONFIGURATION

User-defined tags can be added via the ExifTool configuration file, or by
defining the %Image::ExifTool::UserDefined hash before calling any ExifTool
methods.  See "ExifTool_config" in the ExifTool distribution for more
details.

By default ExifTool looks for a configuration file named ".ExifTool_config"
first in your home directory, then in the directory of the application
script, but a different directory may be specified by setting the
EXIFTOOL_HOME environment variable, or a different file may be specified by
setting the ExifTool C<configFile> variable before using Image::ExifTool. 
For example:

    BEGIN { $Image::ExifTool::configFile = '/Users/phil/myconfig.cfg' }
    use Image::ExifTool;

The configuration feature may also be disabled by setting C<configFile> to
an empty string:

    BEGIN { $Image::ExifTool::configFile = '' }
    use Image::ExifTool;

=head1 EXPORTS

Exports nothing by default, but L</ImageInfo> and all static methods may be
exported with the C<:Public> export list.

=head1 METHODS

All ExifTool features are accessed through the methods of the public
interface listed below.  Other Image::ExifTool methods and modules should
not be accessed directly because their interface may change with future
versions.

None of these methods should ever die or issue warnings to STDERR if called
with the proper arguments (with the exception of L</SetNewValue> which may
send an error message to STDERR, but only when called in scalar context).
Error and warning messages that occur during processing are stored in the
values of the Error and Warning tags, and are accessible via the
L</GetValue> method to retrieve a single Error or Warning message, or
L</GetInfo> to retrieve any number of them.

The ExifTool methods are not thread safe.

=head2 new

Creates a new ExifTool object.

    $exifTool = Image::ExifTool->new;

One ExifTool object may be used to process many files, so creating multiple
ExifTool objects usually is not necessary.

Note that ExifTool uses AUTOLOAD to load non-member methods, so any class
using Image::ExifTool as a base class must define an AUTOLOAD which calls
Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad().  eg)

    sub AUTOLOAD
    {
        Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
    }

=head2 ImageInfo

Read image file and return meta information.  This is the one step function
for retrieving meta information from an image.  Internally, L</ImageInfo>
calls L</ExtractInfo> to extract the information, L</GetInfo> to generate
the information hash, and L</GetTagList> for the returned tag list.

    # return meta information for 2 tags only (procedural)
    $info = ImageInfo($filename, $tag1, $tag2);

    # return information about an open image file (object-oriented)
    $info = $exifTool->ImageInfo(\*FILE);

    # return information from image data in memory for specified tags
    %options = (PrintConv => 0);
    @tagList = qw(filename imagesize xmp:creator exif:* -ifd1:*);
    $info = ImageInfo(\$imageData, \@tagList, \%options);

    # extract information from an embedded thumbnail image
    $info = ImageInfo('image.jpg', 'thumbnailimage');
    $thumbInfo = ImageInfo($$info{ThumbnailImage});

=over 4

=item Inputs:

L</ImageInfo> is very flexible about the input arguments, and interprets
them based on their type.  It may be called with one or more arguments.
The one required argument is either a SCALAR (the image file name), a file
reference (a reference to the image file) or a SCALAR reference (a
reference to the image in memory).  Other arguments are optional.  The
order of the arguments is not significant, except that the first SCALAR is
taken to be the file name unless a file reference or scalar reference comes
earlier in the argument list.

Below is an explanation of how the L</ImageInfo> function arguments are
interpreted:

=over 4

=item ExifTool ref

L</ImageInfo> may be called with an ExifTool object if desired.  Advantages
of using the object-oriented form are that options may be set before calling
L</ImageInfo>, and the object may be used afterward to access member
functions.  Must be the first argument if used.

=item SCALAR

The first scalar argument is taken to be the file name unless an earlier
argument specified the image data via a file reference (file ref) or data
reference (SCALAR ref).  The remaining scalar arguments are names of tags
for requested information.  All tags are returned if no tags are specified.

Tag names are case-insensitive and may be prefixed by optional group names
separated by colons.  A group name may begin with a family number (eg.
'1IPTC:Keywords'), to restrict matches to a specific family.  In the tag
name, a '?' matches any single character and a '*' matches zero or more
characters.  Thus 'GROUP:*' represents all tags in a specific group. 
Wildcards may not be used in group names, with the exception that a group
name of '*' may be used to extract all available instances of a tag
regardless of the L</Duplicates> setting (eg. '*:WhiteBalance').  Multiple
groups may be specified (eg. 'EXIF:Time:*' extracts all EXIF Time tags). And
finally, a leading '-' indicates a tag to be excluded (eg. '-IFD1:*'), or a
trailing '#' causes the ValueConv value to be returned for this tag.

Note that keys in the returned information hash and elements of the returned
tag list are not necessarily the same as these tag names because group names
are removed, the case may be changed, and an instance number may be added. 
For this reason it is best to use either the keys of the returned hash or
the elements of the returned tag list when accessing the tag values.

See L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames|Image::ExifTool::TagNames> for a complete
list of ExifTool tag names.

=item File ref

A reference to an open image file.  If you use this method (or a SCALAR
reference) to access information in an image, the FileName and Directory
tags will not be returned.  (Also, a number of the File System tags will not
be returned unless it is a plain file.)  Image processing begins at the
current file position, and on return the file position is unspecified.  May
be either a standard filehandle, or a reference to a
L<File::RandomAccess|File::RandomAccess> object.  Note that the file remains
open and must be closed by the caller after L</ImageInfo> returns.

[Advanced:  To allow a non-rewindable stream (eg. a network socket) to be
re-read after processing with ExifTool, first wrap the file reference in a
L<File::RandomAccess|File::RandomAccess> object, then pass this object to
L</ImageInfo>.  The L<File::RandomAccess|File::RandomAccess> object will
buffer the file if necessary, and may be used to re-read the file after
L</ImageInfo> returns.]

=item SCALAR ref

A reference to image data in memory.

=item ARRAY ref

Reference to a list of tag names.  On entry, any elements in the list are
added to the list of requested tags.  Tags with names beginning with '-' are
excluded.  On return, this list is updated to contain an ordered list of tag
keys for the returned information.

There will be 1:1 correspondence between the requested tags and the returned
tag keys only if the L</Duplicates> option is 0 and L</Sort> is 'Input'. 
(With L</Duplicates> enabled, there may be more entries in the returned list
of tag keys, and with other L</Sort> settings the entries may not be in the
same order as requested.)  If a requested tag doesn't exist, a tag key is
still generated, but the tag value is undefined.

=item HASH ref

Reference to a hash containing the options settings valid for this call
only.  See L</Options> documentation below for a list of available options. 
Options specified as arguments to L</ImageInfo> take precedence over
L</Options> settings.

=back

=item Return Values:

L</ImageInfo> returns a reference to a hash of tag-key/value pairs.  The tag
keys are identifiers -- essentially case-sensitive tag names with an
appended instance number if multiple tags with the same name were extracted
from the image.  Many of the ExifTool functions require a tag key as an
argument.  Use L</GetTagName [static]> to get the tag name for a given tag
key.  Note that the case of the tag names may not be the same as requested.
Here is a simple example to print out the information returned by
L</ImageInfo>:

    foreach (sort keys %$info) {
        print "$_ => $$info{$_}\n";
    }

Values of the returned hash are usually simple scalars, but a scalar
reference is used to indicate binary data and an array reference may be used
to indicate a list.  Also, a hash reference may be returned if the L</Struct>
option is used.  Lists of values are joined by commas into a single
string only if the PrintConv option is enabled and the ListJoin option is
enabled (which are the defaults).  Note that binary values are not
necessarily extracted unless specifically requested, or the Binary option is
enabled and the tag is not specifically excluded.  If not extracted the
value is a reference to a string of the form "Binary data ##### bytes".

The code below gives an example of how to handle these return values, as
well as illustrating the use of other ExifTool functions:

    use Image::ExifTool;
    my $exifTool = Image::ExifTool->new;
    $exifTool->Options(Unknown => 1);
    my $info = $exifTool->ImageInfo('a.jpg');
    my $group = '';
    my $tag;
    foreach $tag ($exifTool->GetFoundTags('Group0')) {
        if ($group ne $exifTool->GetGroup($tag)) {
            $group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag);
            print "---- $group ----\n";
        }
        my $val = $info->{$tag};
        if (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
            if ($$val =~ /^Binary data/) {
                $val = "($$val)";
            } else {
                my $len = length($$val);
                $val = "(Binary data $len bytes)";
            }
        }
        printf("%-32s : %s\n", $exifTool->GetDescription($tag), $val);
    }

=item Notes:

ExifTool returns all values as byte strings of encoded characters.  Perl
wide characters are not used.  See L</CHARACTER ENCODINGS> for details about
the encodings.  By default, most returned values are encoded in UTF-8.  For
these, Encode::decode_utf8() may be used to convert to a sequence of logical
Perl characters.

As well as tags representing information extracted from the image, the
following L<Extra tags|Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags> generated by
ExifTool may be returned:

    ExifToolVersion - The ExifTool version number.

    Error - An error message if the image could not be processed.

    Warning - A warning message if problems were encountered while
              processing the image.

=back

=head2 Options

Get/set ExifTool options.  This function can be called to set the default
options for an ExifTool object.  Options set this way are in effect for
all function calls but may be overridden by options passed as arguments
to some functions.  Option names are not case sensitive.

The default option values may be changed by defining a
%Image::ExifTool::UserDefined::Options hash.  See the ExifTool_config file
in the full ExifTool distribution for examples.  A default of undef has the
same behaviour as a value of 0 for numerical options.

    # exclude the 'OwnerName' tag from returned information
    $exifTool->Options(Exclude => 'OwnerName');

    # only get information in EXIF or MakerNotes groups
    $exifTool->Options(Group0 => ['EXIF', 'MakerNotes']);

    # ignore information from IFD1
    $exifTool->Options(Group1 => '-IFD1');

    # sort by groups in family 2, and extract unknown tags
    $exifTool->Options(Sort => 'Group2', Unknown => 1);

    # reset DateFormat option
    $exifTool->Options(DateFormat => undef);

    # do not extract duplicate tag names
    $oldSetting = $exifTool->Options(Duplicates => 0);

    # get current Verbose setting
    $isVerbose = $exifTool->Options('Verbose');

    # set a user parameter
    $exifTool->Options(UserParam => 'MyParam=some value');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Option parameter name (case-insensitive)

2) [optional] Option parameter value (may be undef to clear option)

3-N) [optional] Additional parameter/value pairs

=item Option Parameters:

Note that these API options may also be used in the exiftool application via
the command-line B<-api> option.

=over 4

=item Binary

Flag to extract the value data for all binary tags.  Tag values representing
large binary data blocks (eg. ThumbnailImage) are not necessarily extracted
unless this option is set or the tag is specifically requested by name.
Default is undef.

=item BlockExtract

Flag to extract some directories (mentioned in the
L<ExifTool tag name documentation|Image::ExifTool::TagNames>) as a block. 
Setting this to a value of 2 also prevents parsing the block to extract tags
contained within.

=item ByteOrder

The byte order for newly created EXIF segments when writing.  Note that if
EXIF information already exists, the existing order is maintained.  Valid
values are 'MM', 'II' and undef.  If ByteOrder is not defined (the default),
then the maker note byte order is used (if they are being copied), otherwise
big-endian ('MM') order is assumed.  This can also be set via the
L<ExifByteOrder tag|Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags>, but the ByteOrder
option takes precedence if both are set.

=item Charset

Character set for encoding character tag values passed to/from ExifTool with
code points above U+007F.  Default is 'UTF8'.  Valid values are listed
below, case is not significant:

  Value        Alias(es)        Description
  -----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
  UTF8         cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters
  Latin        cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
  Latin2       cp1250           Windows Latin2 (Central European)
  Cyrillic     cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
  Greek        cp1253           Windows Greek
  Turkish      cp1254           Windows Turkish
  Hebrew       cp1255           Windows Hebrew
  Arabic       cp1256           Windows Arabic
  Baltic       cp1257           Windows Baltic
  Vietnam      cp1258           Windows Vietnamese
  Thai         cp874            Windows Thai
  DOSLatinUS   cp437            DOS Latin US
  DOSLatin1    cp850            DOS Latin1
  DOSCyrillic  cp866            DOS Cyrillic
  MacRoman     cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
  MacLatin2    cp10029          Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
  MacCyrillic  cp10007          Macintosh Cyrillic
  MacGreek     cp10006          Macintosh Greek
  MacTurkish   cp10081          Macintosh Turkish
  MacRomanian  cp10010          Macintosh Romanian
  MacIceland   cp10079          Macintosh Icelandic
  MacCroatian  cp10082          Macintosh Croatian

Note that this option affects some types of information when reading/writing
the file and other types when getting/setting tag values, so it must be
defined for both types of access.  See the L</CHARACTER ENCODINGS> section
for more information about the handling of special characters.

=item CharsetEXIF

Internal encoding to use for stored EXIF "ASCII" string values.  May also be
set to undef to pass through EXIF "ASCII" values without recoding.  Set to
"UTF8" to conform with the MWG recommendation.  Default is undef.

=item CharsetFileName

External character set used for file names passed to ExifTool functions. 
When set in Windows, this triggers use of Windows wide-character i/o library
routines (requires Win32API::File).  Default is undef.  May also be set to
an empty string to avoid "encoding not specified" warnings on Windows.

=item CharsetID3

Internal encoding to assume for ID3v1 strings.  By the specification ID3v1
strings should be encoded in ISO 8859-1 (essentially Latin), but some
applications may use local encoding instead.  Default is 'Latin'.

=item CharsetIPTC

Fallback internal IPTC character set to assume if IPTC information contains
no CodedCharacterSet tag.  Possible values are the same as the L</Charset>
option.  Default is 'Latin'.

Note that this option affects some types of information when reading/writing
the file and other types when getting/setting tag values, so it must be
defined for both types of access.

=item CharsetPhotoshop

Internal encoding to assume for Photoshop IRB resource names.  Default is
'Latin'.

=item CharsetQuickTime

Internal encoding to assume for QuickTime strings stored with an unspecified
encoding.  Default is 'MacRoman'.

=item CharsetRIFF

Internal encoding to assume for strings in RIFF metadata (eg. AVI and WAV
files).  The default value of 0 assumes "Latin" encoding unless otherwise
specified by the RIFF CSET chunk.  Set to undef to pass through strings
without recoding.  Default is 0.

=item Compact

Comma-delimited list of settings for writing compact XMP.  Below is a list
of available settings.  Note that 'NoPadding' effects only embedded XMP
since padding is never written for stand-alone XMP files.  Also note that
'OneDesc' is not recommended when writing XMP larger than 64 kB to a JPG
file because it interferes with ExifTool's technique of splitting off large
rdf:Description elements into the extended XMP.  Case is not significant for
any of these options.  Aliases are given in brackets. Default is undef.

  NoPadding - Avoid 2 kB of recommended padding at end of XMP (NoPad)
  NoIndent  - No spaces to indent lines (NoSpace, NoSpaces)
  NoNewline - Avoid unnecessary newlines (NoNewlines)
  Shorthand - Use XMP Shorthand format
  OneDesc   - Combine properties into a single rdf:Description (OneDescr)
  AllSpace  - Equivalent to 'NoPadding,NoIndent,NoNewline'
  AllFormat - Equivalent to 'Shorthand,OneDesc'
  All       - Equivalent to 'AllSpace,AllFormat'

=item Composite

Flag to generate Composite tags when extracting information.  Default is 1.

=item Compress

Flag to write new values in compressed format if possible.  Has no effect
unless Compress::Zlib is installed.  Default is undef.

=item CoordFormat

Format for printing GPS coordinates.  This is a printf format string with
specifiers for degrees, minutes and seconds in that order, however minutes
and seconds may be omitted.  If the hemisphere is known, a reference
direction (N, S, E or W) is appended to each printed coordinate, but adding
a C<+> to the first format specifier (eg. C<%+.6f>) prints a signed
coordinate instead.  For example, the following table gives the output for
the same coordinate using various formats:

      CoordFormat        Example Output
  -------------------  ------------------
  q{%d deg %d' %.2f"}  54 deg 59' 22.80"  (default for reading)
  q{%d %d %.8f}        54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
  q{%d deg %.4f min}   54 deg 59.3800 min
  q{%.6f degrees}      54.989667 degrees

Note:  To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is
different when copying tags with L</SetNewValuesFromFile>.

=item DateFormat

Format for printing date/time values.  See C<strftime> in the L<POSIX>
package and L<https://exiftool.org/filename.html#codes> for details about
the format string.  If the date can not be converted, the value is left
unchanged unless the StrictDate option is set.  Timezones are ignored.  The
inverse conversion (ie. when calling L</SetNewValue>) is performed only if
POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece is installed.  The default setting of undef
causes date/time values to remain in standard EXIF format (similar to a
DateFormat of "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S").

=item Duplicates

Flag to return values from tags with duplicate names when extracting
information.  Default is 1.

=item Escape

Escape special characters in extracted values for HTML or XML.  Also
unescapes HTML or XML character entities in input values passed to
L</SetNewValue>.  Valid settings are 'HTML', 'XML' or undef.  Default is
undef.

=item Exclude

Exclude specified tags when extracting information.  Note that this option
is applied after all of the tags have already been loaded into memory (so
different tags may be excluded in subsequent calls to L</GetInfo>). See the
IgnoreTags option to save memory by not loading the tags in the first place.
The option value is either a tag name or reference to a list of tag names to
exclude.  The case of tag names is not significant.  This option is ignored
for specifically requested tags.  Tags may also be excluded by preceding
their name with a '-' in the arguments to L</ImageInfo>.

=item ExtendedXMP

This setting affects the reading and editing of extended XMP in JPEG images.
According to the XMP specification, extended XMP is only valid if it has the
GUID specified by the HasExtendedXMP tag, so by default ExifTool will ignore
other extended XMP, but this option allows full control over the extended
XMP to be extracted.

     0   - Ignore all extended XMP
     1   - Read extended XMP with valid GUID only (default)
     2   - Read extended XMP with any GUID
  <guid> - Read extended XMP with a specific GUID

=item ExtractEmbedded

Flag to extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded
EPS information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files, embedded MPF
images in JPEG and MPO files, metadata after the first Cluster in MKV files,
timed metadata in videos, all frames of a multipart EXR image, and the
resource fork of Mac OS files. A setting of 2 also causes the H264 video
stream in MP4 files to be parsed until the first SEI message is decoded, or
3 to parse the entire H264 stream in MP4 videos and the entire M2TS file to
look for any unlisted program containing GPS metadata. Default is undef.

=item FastScan

Flag to increase speed when reading files by avoiding extraction of some
types of metadata.  With this option set to 1, ExifTool will not scan to the
end of a JPEG image to check for an AFCP, CanonVRD, FotoStation,
PhotoMechanic, MIE or PreviewImage trailer.  This also stops the parsing
after the first comment in GIF images, and at the audio/video data of
RIFF-format files (AVI, WAV, etc), so any trailing metadata (eg. XMP written
by some utilities) may be missed.  Also disables input buffering for some
types of files to reduce memory usage when reading from a non-seekable
stream, and bypasses CRC validation for speed when writing PNG files.  When
combined with the ScanForXMP option, prevents scanning for XMP in recognized
file types.  With a value of 2, ExifTool will also avoid extracting any EXIF
MakerNote information, and will stop processing at the IDAT chunk of PNG
images and the mdat atom in QuickTime-format files.  (By the PNG
specification, metadata is allowed after IDAT, but ExifTool always writes it
before because some utilities will ignore it otherwise.)  When set to 3 or
higher, only pseudo system tags and FileType are generated. For 3, the file
header is read to provide an educated guess at FileType. For 4, the file is
not read at all and FileType is determined based on the file's extension.
For 5, generation of Composite tags is also disabled (like setting
L</Composite> to 0).  Default is undef.

=item Filter

Perl expression used to filter values for all tags.  The expression acts on
the value of the Perl default variable ($_), and changes the value of this
variable as required.  The current ExifTool object may be accessed through
$self.  The value is not changed if $_ is set to undef.  List items are
filtered individually.  Applies to all returned values unless PrintConv
option is disabled.

=item FilterW

Perl expression used to filter PrintConv values when writing.  The
expression acts on the value of the Perl default variable ($_), and changes
the value of this variable as required.  The current ExifTool object may be
accessed through $self.  The tag is not written if $_ is set to undef.

=item FixBase

Fix maker notes base offset.  A common problem with image editing software
is that offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted properly when the file
is modified.  This may cause the wrong values to be extracted for some maker
note entries when reading the edited file.  FixBase specifies an integer
value to be added to the maker notes base offset.  It may also be set to the
empty string ('') for ExifTool will take its best guess at the correct base,
or undef (the default) for no base adjustment.

=item GeoMaxIntSecs

Maximum interpolation time in seconds for geotagging.  Geotagging is treated
as an extrapolation if the Geotime value lies between two fixes in the same
track which are separated by a number of seconds greater than this. 
Otherwise, the coordinates are calculated as a linear interpolation between
the nearest fixes on either side of the Geotime value.  Set to 0 to disable
interpolation and use the coordinates of the nearest fix instead (provided
it is within GeoMaxExtSecs, otherwise geotagging fails).  Default is 1800.

=item GeoMaxExtSecs

Maximum extrapolation time in seconds for geotagging.  Geotagging fails if
the Geotime value lies outside a GPS track by a number of seconds greater
than this.  Otherwise, for an extrapolation the coordinates of the nearest
fix are taken (ie. it is assumed that you weren't moving during this
period).  Default is 1800.

=item GeoMaxHDOP

Maximum Horizontal (2D) Dilution Of Precision for geotagging.  GPS fixes are
ignored if the HDOP is greater than this.  Default is undef.

=item GeoMaxPDOP

Maximum Position (3D) Dilution Of Precision for geotagging.  GPS fixes are
ignored if the PDOP is greater than this.  Default is undef.

=item GeoMinSats

Minimum number of satellites for geotagging.  GPS fixes are ignored if the
number of acquired satellites is less than this.  Default is undef.

=item GeoSpeedRef

Reference units for writing GPSSpeed when geotagging:

    'K', 'k' or 'km/h'  - km/h
    'M', 'm' or 'mph'   - mph
    <anything else>     - knots (default undef)

=item GlobalTimeShift

Time shift to apply to all extracted date/time PrintConv values.  Does not
affect ValueConv values.  Value is a date/time shift string (see
L<Image::ExifTool::Shift(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl>), with a leading
'-' for negative shifts.  Default is undef.

=item Group#

Extract tags only for specified groups in family # (Group0 assumed if #
not given).  The option value may be a single group name or a reference
to a list of groups.  Case is significant in group names.  Specify a group
to be excluded by preceding group name with a '-'.  See L</GetGroup> for a
description of group families, and L</GetAllGroups [static]> for lists of
group names.

=item HexTagIDs

Return hexadecimal instead of decimal for the family 7 group names of tags
with numerical ID's.

=item HtmlDump

Dump information in hex to dynamic HTML web page.  The value may be 0-3 for
increasingly larger limits on the maximum block size.  Default is 0.  Output
goes to the file specified by the TextOut option (\*STDOUT by default).

=item HtmlDumpBase

Base for HTML dump offsets.  If not defined, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is
used.  Set to 0 for absolute offsets.  Default is undef.

=item IgnoreMinorErrors

Flag to ignore minor errors.  Causes minor errors to be downgraded to
warnings, and minor warnings to be ignored.  This option is provided mainly
to allow writing of files when minor errors occur, but by ignoring some
minor warnings the behaviour of ExifTool may be changed to allow some
questionable operations to proceed (such as extracting thumbnail and preview
images even if they don't have a recognizable header).  Minor errors and
warnings are denoted by "[minor]" at the start of the message, or "[Minor]"
(with a capital "M") for warnings that affect processing when ignored.

=item IgnoreTags

List of tag names to ignore when reading.  This may help in situations where
memory is limited because the ignored tag values are not stored in memory.
The tag names are case insensitive and group names and wildcards are not
allowed.  A special tag name of "All" may be used to ignore all tags except
those specified by the L</RequestTags> option.  Set to undef to clear the
previous IgnoreTags list.  Default is undef.

=item Lang

Localized language for exiftool tag descriptions, etc.  Available languages
are given by the Image::ExifTool::Lang module names (eg. 'fr', 'zh_cn').  If
the specified language isn't available, the option is not changed.  May be
set to undef to select the built-in default language.  Default is 'en'.

=item LargeFileSupport

Flag to indicate that 64-bit file offsets are supported on this system.
Default is undef.

=item ListItem

Return only a specific item from list-type values.  A value of 0 returns the
first item in the list, 1 return the second item, etc.  Negative indices may
also be used, with -1 representing the last item in the list.  Applies only
to the top-level list of nested lists.  Default is undef to return all items
in the list.

=item ListJoin

Separator used to join the PrintConv value of multi-item List-type tags into
a single string.  If not defined, multi-item lists are returned as a list
reference.  Does not affect ValueConv values.  Default is ', '.

=item ListSplit

Regular expression used to split values of list-type tags into individual
items when writing.  (eg. use ',\\s*' to split a comma-separated list.)
Split when writing either PrintConv or ValueConv values.  Default is undef.

=item MakerNotes

Option to extract MakerNotes and other writable subdirectories (such as
PrintIM) as a data block.  Normally when the MakerNotes are extracted they
are rebuilt to include data outside the boundaries of the original maker
note data block, but a value of 2 disables this feature.  Possible values
are:

  0 - Do not extract writable subdirectories (same as default of undef)
  1 - Extract and rebuild maker notes into self-contained block
  2 - Extract without rebuilding maker notes

=item MDItemTags

Flag to extract the OS X metadata item tags (see the "mdls" man page and
L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/MacOS MDItem Tags> for more information).

=item MissingTagValue

Value for missing tags in tag name expressions (or tags where the advanced
formatting expression returns undef).  If not set, a minor error is issued
for missing values, or the value is set to '' if L</IgnoreMinorErrors> is
set.  Default is undef.

=item NoMultiExif

Raise error when attempting to write multi-segment EXIF in a JPEG image. 
Default is undef.

=item NoPDFList

Flag to avoid splitting PDF list-type tag values into separate items.
Default is undef.

=item Password

Password for reading/writing password-protected PDF documents.  Ignored if a
password is not required.  Character encoding of the password is determined
by the value of the Charset option at processing time.  Default is undef.

=item PrintConv

Flag to enable automatic print conversion.  Also enables inverse
print conversion for writing.  Default is 1.

=item QuickTimeHandler

Flag set to add an 'mdir' Handler to a newly created Meta box when adding
QuickTime ItemList tags.  Adobe Bridge does not add this Handler, but it is
commonly found in samples from other software, and it has been reported that
Apple QuickTime Player and Photos.apps will ignore ItemList tags if this is
missing.  Default is 1.

=item QuickTimePad

Flag to preserve the padding of some QuickTime atoms when writing. 
QuickTime-based Canon CR3 files pad the values of container atoms with null
bytes.  This padding is removed by default when the file is rewritten, but
setting this option to 1 adds padding to preserve the original atom size if
the new atom would be smaller than the original.  Default is undef.

=item QuickTimeUTC

Flag set to assume that QuickTime date/time values are stored as UTC,
causing conversion to local time when they are extracted and from local time
when written.  According to the QuickTime specification date/time values
should be UTC, but many digital cameras store local time instead (presumably
because they don't know the time zone), so the default is to not convert
these times (except for Canon CR3 files, which always use UTC times).  This
option also disables the autodetection of incorrect time-zero offsets in
QuickTime date/time values, and enforces a time zero of 1904 as per the
QuickTime specification.

=item RequestAll

Flag to request all tags to be extracted.  This causes some tags to be
generated which normally would not be unless specifically requested (by
passing the tag name to L</ImageInfo> or L</ExtractInfo>).  May be set to 2
or 3 to enable generation of some additional tags as mentioned in the tag
name documentation.  Default is undef.

=item RequestTags

List of additional tag and/or group names to request in the next call to
L</ExtractInfo>.  This option is useful only for tags/groups which aren't
extracted unless specifically requested.  Value may be a list reference, a
delimited string of names (any delimiter is allowed), or undef to clear the
current RequestTags list.  Groups are requested by adding a colon after the
name (eg. "MacOS:").  Names are converted to lower case as they are added to
the list.  Default is undef.

=item SaveFormat

Flag to save EXIF/TIFF format type as the family 6 group name when
extracting information.  Without this option set, the family 6 group names
are not generated.  Default is undef.  See the L</GetGroup> option for more
details.

=item SavePath

Flag to save the metadata path as the family 5 group name when extracting
information.  Without this option set, the family 5 group names are not
generated.  Default is undef.  See the L</GetGroup> option for more details.

=item ScanForXMP

Flag to scan all files (even unrecognized formats) for XMP information
unless XMP was already found in the file.  When combined with the FastScan
option, only unrecognized file types are scanned for XMP.  Default is undef.

=item Sort

Specifies order to sort tags in returned list:

  Input  - Sort in same order as input tag arguments (default)
  File   - Sort in order that tags were found in the file
  Tag    - Sort alphabetically by tag name
  Descr  - Sort by tag description (for current Lang setting)
  Group# - Sort by tag group, where # is zero or more family
           numbers separated by colons. If # is not specified,
           Group0 is assumed.  See GetGroup for a description
           of group families.

=item Sort2

Secondary sort order used for tags within each group when Sort is 'Group':

  File   - Sort in order tags were found in the file (default)
  Tag    - Sort alphabetically by tag name
  Descr  - Sort by tag description (for current Lang setting)

=item StrictDate

Flag to return undefined value for any date which can't be converted when
the DateFormat option is used.  Default is undef.

  undef - Same as 0 for reading/writing, or 1 for copying
    0   - Return date/time value unchanged if it can't be converted
    1   - Return undef if date/time value can't be converted

When set to 1 while writing a PrintConv date/time value with the DateFormat
option set, the value is written only if POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece is
available and can successfully convert the value.

For PNG CreationTime, a setting of 1 has the additional effect of causing
the date/time to be reformatted according to PNG 1.2 recommendation
(RFC-1123) when writing, and a warning to be issued for any non-standard
value when reading (but note that Windows may not recognize PNG date/time
values in standard format).

=item Struct

Flag to return XMP structures as hash references instead of flattening into
individual tags.  Has no effect when writing since both flattened and
structured tags may always be written.  Possible values are:

  undef - (default) Same as 0 for reading, 2 for copying
    0   - Read/copy flattened tags
    1   - Read/copy structured tags
    2   - Read/copy both flattened and structured tags, but flag
          flattened tags as 'unsafe' for copying

=item SystemTags

Flag to extract the following additional File System tags:  FileAttributes,
FileDeviceNumber, FileInodeNumber, FileHardLinks, FileUserID, FileGroupID,
FileDeviceID, FileBlockSize and FileBlockCount.

=item TextOut

Output file reference for Verbose and HtmlDump options.  Default is
\*STDOUT.

=item TimeZone

Time zone for local date/time values.  May be set to any valid TZ string.
Uses the system time zone if not specified.  Default is undef.  (Requires
POSIX::tzset, which may not be available in Windows.  A work-around in
Windows is to C<set TZ=E<lt>zoneE<gt>> before running ExifTool.)

=item Unknown

Flag to get the values of unknown tags.  If set to 1, unknown tags are
extracted from EXIF (or other tagged-format) directories.  If set to 2,
unknown tags are also extracted from binary data blocks.  Default is 0.

=item UserParam

Special option to set/get user-defined parameters.  Useful to allow external
input into tag name expressions and ValueConv logic.  Valid UserParam values
are:

  PARAM         - Get parameter
  PARAM=        - Clear parameter
  PARAM^=       - Set parameter to empty string
  PARAM=VALUE   - Set parameter
  <hash ref>    - Set entire UserParam hash lookup
  undef         - Clear all user parameters

Where I<PARAM> is the user-defined parameter name (case insensitive).

User-defined parameters may be accessed in tag name expressions by prefixing
the parameter name with a dollar sign just like normal tags, or via the API
by calling C<Options('UserParam','PARAM')>.  Appending a hash tag (C<#>) to
the parameter name also causes the parameter to be extracted as a normal tag
(in the UserParam group).  If called without additional arguments,
C<Options('UserParam')> returns a reference to the hash of all user
parameters (with lower-case names).

=item Validate

Flag to perform extra validation metadata checks when reading, causing extra
warnings to be generated if problems are found.  Default is undef.

=item Verbose

Print verbose messages to file specified by TextOut option.  Value may be
from 0 to 5 for increasingly verbose messages.  Default is 0.  With the
verbose option set, messages are printed to the console as the file is
parsed.  Level 1 prints the tag names and raw values.  Level 2 adds more
details about the tags.  Level 3 adds a hex dump of the tag data, but with
limits on the number of bytes dumped.  Levels 4 and 5 remove the dump limit
on tag values and JPEG segment data respectively.

=item WriteMode

Set tag write/create mode.  Value is a string of one or more characters from
list below.  Default is 'wcg'.

    w - Write existing tags
    c - Create new tags
    g - create new Groups as necessary

The level of the group differs for different types of metadata. For XMP or
IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the family 0 group), but for EXIF this
is the individual IFD (the family 1 group).  The 'w' and 'c' modes are
tested only when L</SetNewValue> is called, but the 'g' mode is also tested
in L</WriteInfo>.

=item XAttrTags

Flag to extract the OS X extended attribute tags (see the "xattr" man page
and L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/MacOS XAttr Tags> for more information).

=item XMPAutoConv

Flag to enable automatic conversion for unknown XMP tags with values that
look like rational numbers or dates.  Default is 1.

=back

=item Return Values:

The original value of the last specified parameter.

=back

=head2 ClearOptions

Reset all options to their default values.  Loads user-defined default
option values from the %Image::ExifTool::UserDefined::Options hash in the
.ExifTool_config file if it exists.

    $exifTool->ClearOptions();

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

=item Return Values:

(none)

=back

=head2 ExtractInfo

Extract all meta information from an image.

    $success = $exifTool->ExtractInfo('image.jpg', \%options);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

L</ExtractInfo> takes exactly the same arguments as L</ImageInfo>.  The only
difference is that a list of tag keys is not returned if an ARRAY reference
is given.  The following options are effective in the call to
L</ExtractInfo>:

Binary, Charset, CharsetEXIF, CharsetFileName, CharsetID3, CharsetIPTC,
CharsetPhotoshop, CharsetQuickTime, CharsetRIFF, Composite, ExtendedXMP,
ExtractEmbedded, FastScan, FixBase, HtmlDump, HtmlDumpBase,
IgnoreMinorErrors, IgnoreTags, Lang, LargeFileSupport, MakerNotes,
MDItemTags, NoPDFList, Password, QuickTimeUTC (enforced 1904 time zero),
RequestAll, RequestTags, SaveFormat, SavePath, ScanForXMP, Struct, TextOut,
Unknown, Verbose, XAttrTags and XMPAutoConv.

=item Return Value:

1 if this was a recognized file format, 0 otherwise (and 'Error' tag set).

=back

=head2 GetInfo

L</GetInfo> is called to return meta information after it has been extracted
from the image by a previous call to L</ExtractInfo> or L</ImageInfo>. This
function may be called repeatedly after a single call to L</ExtractInfo> or
L</ImageInfo>.

    # get image width and height only
    $info = $exifTool->GetInfo('ImageWidth', 'ImageHeight');

    # get all Error and Warning messages
    $info = $exifTool->GetInfo('Error', 'Warning');

    # get information for all tags in list (list updated with tags found)
    $info = $exifTool->GetInfo(\@ioTagList);

    # get all information in Author or Location groups
    $info = $exifTool->GetInfo({Group2 => ['Author', 'Location']});

=over 4

=item Inputs:

Inputs are the same as L</ExtractInfo> and L</ImageInfo> except that an
image can not be specified.  Options in effect are:

Charset, CoordFormat, DateFormat, Duplicates, Escape, Exclude, Filter,
Group#, GlobalTimeShift, Lang, ListItem, ListJoin, PrintConv, Sort (if a tag
list reference is given) and StrictDate.

=item Return Value:

Reference to information hash, the same as with L</ImageInfo>.

=back

The following options are effective in the call to L</GetInfo>:

Charset, CoordFormat, DateFormat, Duplicates, Escape, Exclude, Filter,
Group#, GlobalTimeShift, Lang, ListItem, ListJoin, PrintConv, QuickTimeUTC
(conversion to local time), Sort (if a tag list reference is given) and
StrictDate.

=head2 WriteInfo

Write meta information to a file.  The specified source file is rewritten to
the same-type destination file with new information as specified by previous
calls to L</SetNewValue>.  The necessary segments and/or directories are
created in the destination file as required to store the specified
information.  May be called repeatedly to write the same information to
additional files without the need to call L</SetNewValue> again.

ExifTool queues all new values that are assigned via calls to
L</SetNewValue>, then applies them to any number of files through one or
more calls to L</WriteInfo>. These queued values may be accessed through
L</GetNewValue>, and are completely separate from metadata extracted from
files via L</ExtractInfo> or L</ImageInfo> and accessed through L</GetInfo>
or L</GetValue>.

To be clear, it is NOT necessary to call L</ExtractInfo> or L</ImageInfo>
before L</WriteInfo>.  L</WriteInfo> changes only metadata specified by
previous calls to L</SetNewValue>.

    # add information to a source file, writing output to new file
    $exifTool->WriteInfo($srcfile, $dstfile);

    # create XMP data file from scratch
    $exifTool->WriteInfo(undef, $dstfile, 'XMP');

    # overwrite file (you do have backups, right?)
    $exifTool->WriteInfo($srcfile);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Source file name, file reference, scalar reference, or undef to create a
file from scratch.  A reference to a
L<File::RandomAccess|File::RandomAccess> object is also allowed as a source,
but in this case the destination is not optional.

2) [optional] Destination file name, file reference, scalar reference to
write to memory, or undef to overwrite the original file.  May be '-' to
write to stdout.

3) [optional] Destination file type.  Ignored if a source is defined.

=item Return Value:

1 if file was written OK, 2 if file was written but no changes made, 0 on
file write error.

If an error code is returned, an Error tag is set and GetValue('Error') can
be called to obtain the error description.  A Warning tag may be set even if
this routine is successful.  Calling WriteInfo clears any pre-existing Error
and Warning tags.

    $errorMessage = $exifTool->GetValue('Error');
    $warningMessage = $exifTool->GetValue('Warning');

=item Notes:

The source file name may be undefined to create a file from scratch
(currently only XMP, MIE, ICC, VRD, DR4, EXV and EXIF files can be created
in this way -- see L</CanCreate> for details).  If undefined, the
destination file type is required unless the type can be determined from the
extension of the destination file name.

If a destination file name is given, the specified file must not exist
because an existing destination file will not be overwritten.  Any new
values for FileName, Directory or HardLink are ignored when a destination
file name is specified.

The destination file name may be undefined to overwrite the original file
(make sure you have backups!).  In this case, if a source file name is
provided, a temporary file is created and renamed to replace the source file
if no errors occurred while writing.  Otherwise, if a source file reference
or scalar reference is used, the image is first written to memory then
copied back to replace the original if there were no errors.

On Mac OS systems, the file resource fork is preserved if this routine is
called with a source file name.

=back

The following ExifTool options are effective in the call to L</WriteInfo>:

ByteOrder, Charset, CharsetEXIF, CharsetFileName, CharsetIPTC, Compact,
Compress, FixBase, IgnoreMinorErrors, NoMultiExif, NoPDFList, Password,
QuickTimeHandler, QuickTimePad, Verbose and WriteMode.

=head2 GetTagList

Get a sorted list of tags from the specified information hash or tag list.

    @tags = $exifTool->GetTagList($info, 'Group0');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) [optional] Information hash reference or tag list reference

2) [optional] Sort order ('Input', 'File', 'Tag', 'Descr' or 'Group#')

3) [optional] Secondary sort order ('File', 'Tag' or 'Descr')

If the information hash or tag list reference is not provided, then the list
of found tags from the last call to L</ImageInfo>, L</ExtractInfo> or
L</GetInfo> is used instead, and the result is the same as if
L</GetFoundTags> was called.  If sort order is not specified, the sort order
is taken from the current options settings.

=item Return Values:

A list of tag keys in the specified order.

=back

=head2 GetFoundTags

Get list of found tags in specified sort order.  The found tags are the tags
for the information obtained from the most recent call to L</ImageInfo>,
L</ExtractInfo> or L</GetInfo> for this object.

    @tags = $exifTool->GetFoundTags('File');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) [optional] Sort order ('Input', 'File', 'Tag', 'Descr' or 'Group#')

2) [optional] Secondary sort order ('File', 'Tag' or 'Descr')

If sort order is not specified, the sort order from the ExifTool options is
used.

=item Return Values:

A list of tag keys in the specified order.

=back

=head2 GetRequestedTags

Get list of requested tags.  These are the tags that were specified in the
arguments of the most recent call to L</ImageInfo>, L</ExtractInfo> or
L</GetInfo>, including tags specified via a tag list reference. Shortcut
tags are expanded in the list.

    @tags = $exifTool->GetRequestedTags();

=over 4

=item Inputs:

(none)

=item Return Values:

List of requested tag keys in the same order that the tags were specified.
Note that this list will be empty if tags were not specifically requested
(ie. If extracting all tags).

=back

=head2 GetValue

Get the value of a specified tag.  The returned value is either the
human-readable (PrintConv) value, the converted machine-readable (ValueConv)
value, the original raw (Raw) value, or the original rational (Rational)
value for rational formats.  If the value type is not specified, the
PrintConv value is returned if the PrintConv option is set, otherwise the
ValueConv value is returned.  The PrintConv values are same as the values
returned by L</ImageInfo> and L</GetInfo> in the tag/value hash unless the
PrintConv option is disabled.

Tags which represent lists of multiple values (as may happen with 'Keywords'
for example) are handled specially.  In scalar context, the returned
PrintConv value for these tags is either a string of values or a list
reference (depending on the ListJoin option setting), and the ValueConv
value is always a list reference.  But in list context, L</GetValue> always
returns the list itself.

Note that L</GetValue> requires a case-sensitive tag key as an argument.  To
retrieve tag information based on a case-insensitive tag name (with an
optional group specifier), use L</GetInfo> instead.

    # PrintConv example
    my $val = $exifTool->GetValue($tag);
    if (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
        print "$tag = (unprintable value)\n";
    } else {
        print "$tag = $val\n";
    }

    # ValueConv examples
    my $val = $exifTool->GetValue($tag, 'ValueConv');
    if (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
        print "$tag is a list of values\n";
    } elsif (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
        print "$tag represents binary data\n";
    } else {
        print "$tag is a simple scalar\n";
    }

    my @keywords = $exifTool->GetValue('Keywords', 'ValueConv');

The following options are in effect when L</GetValue> is called:

Charset, CoordFormat, DateFormat, Escape, Filter, GlobalTimeShift, Lang,
ListItem, ListJoin, PrintConv, QuickTimeUTC (conversion to local time),
StrictDate and TimeZone.

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Tag key, or case-sensitive tag name with optional group prefix(es)

2) [optional] Value type: 'PrintConv', 'ValueConv', 'Both', 'Raw' or
'Rational'

The default value type is 'PrintConv' if the PrintConv option is set,
otherwise the default is 'ValueConv'.  A value type of 'Both' returns both
ValueConv and PrintConv values as a list.  'Rational' returns the raw
rational value as a string fraction for rational types, or undef for other
types.

=item Return Values:

The value of the specified tag.  If the tag represents a list of multiple
values and the ListJoin option is enabled then PrintConv returns a string of
values, otherwise a reference to the list is returned in scalar context. The
list itself is returned in list context.  (Unless 'Both' values are
requested, in which case two list references are returned, regardless of
context.)  Values may also be scalar references to binary data, or hash
references if the L</Struct> option is set.

Note: It is possible for L</GetValue> to return an undefined ValueConv or
PrintConv value (or an empty list in list context) even if the tag exists,
since it is possible for these conversions to yield undefined values.  And
the Rational value will be undefined for any non-rational tag.  The Raw
value should always exist if the tag exists.

=back

=head2 SetNewValue

Set the new value for a tag.  The routine may be called multiple times to
set the values of many tags before using L</WriteInfo> to write the new
values to an image.

For list-type tags (like Keywords), either call repeatedly with the same tag
name for each value, or call with a reference to the list of values.

    # set a new value for a tag (errors go to STDERR)
    $success = $exifTool->SetNewValue($tag, $value);

    # set a new value and capture any error message
    ($success, $errStr) = $exifTool->SetNewValue($tag, $value);

    # delete information for specified tag if it exists in image
    # (also resets AddValue and DelValue options for this tag)
    $exifTool->SetNewValue($tag);

    # reset all values from previous calls to SetNewValue()
    $exifTool->SetNewValue();

    # delete a specific keyword
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('Keywords', $word, DelValue => 1);

    # set keywords (a list-type tag) with two new values
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => 'word1');
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => 'word2');
    # equivalent, but set both in one call using an array reference
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => ['word1','word2']);

    # add a keyword without replacing existing keywords in the file
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => $word, AddValue => 1);

    # conditionally add a tag if it didn't exist before,
    # or replace it if it had a specified value ("old value")
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Description => '', DelValue => 1);
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Description => 'old value', DelValue => 1);
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Description => 'new value');

    # set a tag in a specific group
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Headline => $val, Group => 'XMP');
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('XMP:Headline' => $val);  # (equivalent)

    # shift original date/time back by 2.5 hours
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(DateTimeOriginal => '2:30', Shift => -1);

    # write a tag only if it had a specific value
    # (the order of the following calls is not significant)
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Title => $oldVal, DelValue => 1);
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Title => $newVal);

    # write tag by numerical value
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(Orientation => 6, Type => 'ValueConv');
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('Orientation#' => 6);  # (equivalent)

    # delete all but EXIF tags
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('*');  # delete all...
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('EXIF:*', undef, Replace => 2); # ...but EXIF

    # write structured information as a HASH reference
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('XMP:Flash' => {
        mode   => 'on',
        fired  => 'true',
        return => 'not'
    });

    # write structured information as a serialized string
    $exifTool->SetNewValue('XMP:Flash'=>'{mode=on,fired=true,return=not}');

(See L<https://exiftool.org/struct.html#Serialize> for a description of the
structure serialization technique.)

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) [optional] Tag key or tag name, or undef to clear all new values.  The
tag name may be prefixed by one or more family 0, 1 or 2 group names with
optional leading family numbers, separated by colons (eg. 'EXIF:Artist',
'XMP:Time:*'), which is equivalent to using a Group option argument.  Also,
a '#' may be appended to the tag name (eg. 'EXIF:Orientation#'), with the
same effect as setting Type to 'ValueConv'.  Wildcards ('*' and '?') may be
used in the tag name to assign or delete multiple tags simultaneously.  A
tag name of '*' is special when deleting information, and will delete an
entire group even if some individual tags in the group are not writable, but
only if a single family 0 or 1 group is specified (otherwise the tags are
deleted individually).  Use L</GetDeleteGroups> to get a list of deletable
group names, and see L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames|Image::ExifTool::TagNames>
for a complete list of tag names.

2) [optional] New value for tag.  Undefined to delete tag from file.  May be
a scalar, scalar reference, list reference to set a list of values, or hash
reference for a structure.  Integer values may be specified as a hexadecimal
string (with a leading '0x'), and simple rational values may be specified in
fractional form (eg. '4/10').  Structure tags may be specified either as a
hash reference or a serialized string (see the last two examples above).

3-N) [optional] SetNewValue option/value pairs (see below).

=item SetNewValue Options:

=over 4

=item AddValue

Specifies that the value be added to an existing list in a file rather than
overwriting the existing values.  Valid settings are 0 (overwrite any
existing tag value), 1 (add to an existing list and warn for non-list tags)
or 2 (add to existing list and overwrite non-list tags).  Default is 0.

=item DelValue

Delete existing tag from a file if it has the specified value.  For
list-type tags this deletes a specified item from the list.  For non-list
tags this may be used to conditionally replace a tag by providing a new
value in a separate call to L<SetNewValue> (see examples above).  For
structured tags, the entire structure is deleted/replaced only if all of the
specified fields match the existing structure.  Option values are 0 or 1. 
Default is 0.

=item EditGroup

Create tags in existing groups only.  Don't create new group.  Valid values
are 0 and 1.  Effectively removes the 'g' from the ExifTool WriteMode option
for this tag only.  Default is 0.

=item EditOnly

Edit tag only if it already exists.  Don't create new tag.  Valid values are
0 and 1.  Effectively removes the 'c' from the ExifTool WriteMode option for
this tag only.  Default is 0.

=item Group

Specifies group name where tag should be written.  This option is superseded
by any group specified in the tag name.  If not specified, tag is written to
highest priority group as specified by L</SetNewGroups>.  May be one or more
family 0, 1 or 2 groups with optional leading family number, separated by
colons.  Case is not significant.

=item NoFlat

Treat flattened tags as 'unsafe'.

=item NoShortcut

Disables default behaviour of looking up tag in shortcuts if not found
otherwise.

=item Protected

Bit mask for tag protection levels to write.  Bit 0x01 allows writing of
'unsafe' tags (ie. tags not copied automatically via
L</SetNewValuesFromFile>).  Bit 0x02 allows writing of 'protected' tags, and
should only be used internally by ExifTool.  See
L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames|Image::ExifTool::TagNames>, for a list of tag
names indicating 'unsafe' and 'protected' tags.  Default is 0.

=item ProtectSaved

Avoid setting new values which were saved after the Nth call to
L</SaveNewValues>.  Has no effect on unsaved values, or values saved before
Nth call.  Option value is N.  Default is undef.

=item Replace

Flag to replace the previous new values for this tag (ie. replace the values
set in previous calls to L</SetNewValue>).  This option is most commonly
used to replace previously-set new values for list-type tags.  Valid values
are 0 (set new value normally -- adds to new values for list-type tags), 1
(reset any previous new values before setting new value) or 2 (reset
previous new values only; new value argument is ignored).  Default is 0.

=item Shift

Shift the tag by the specified value.  Currently only date/time tags and
tags with numerical values may be shifted.  Undefined for no shift, 1 for a
positive shift, or -1 for a negative shift.  A value of 0 causes a positive
shift to be applied if the tag is shiftable and AddValue is set, or a
negative shift for date/time tags only if DelValue is set. Default is undef.
See L<Image::ExifTool::Shift(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl> for more
information.

=item Type

The type of value being set.  Valid values are PrintConv, ValueConv or Raw.
Default is PrintConv if the L</PrintConv> Option is set, otherwise
ValueConv.

=back

=item Return Values:

In scalar context, returns the number of tags set and error messages are
printed to STDERR.  In list context, returns the number of tags set, and the
error string (which is undefined if there was no error).

=item Notes:

When deleting groups of tags, the Replace option may be used to exclude
specific groups from a mass delete.  However, this technique may not be used
to exclude individual tags from a group delete (unless a family 2 group was
specified in the delete).  Instead, use L</SetNewValuesFromFile> to recover
the values of individual tags after deleting a group.

When deleting all tags from a JPEG image, the APP14 "Adobe" information is
not deleted by default because doing so may affect the appearance of the
image.  However, this information may be deleted by specifying it
explicitly, either by group (with 'Adobe:*') or as a block (with 'Adobe').

=back

The following ExifTool options are effective in the call to L</SetNewValue>:

Charset, DateFormat, Escape, IgnoreMinorErrors, Lang, ListJoin, ListSplit,
PrintConv, QuickTimeUTC, StrictDate, TimeZone, Verbose and WriteMode.

=head2 GetNewValue

Get the new Raw value for a tag.  This is the value set by L</SetNewValue>
this is queued to be written to file.  List-type tags may return multiple
values in list context.

    $rawVal = $exifTool->GetNewValue($tag);

    @rawVals = $exifTool->GetNewValue($tag);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Tag name (case sensitive, may be prefixed by family 0, 1 or 7 group
names, separated by colons)

=item Return Values:

List of new Raw tag values, or first value in list when called in scalar
context.  The list may be empty either if the tag isn't being written, or if
it is being deleted (ie. if L</SetNewValue> was called without a value).

=back

=head2 SetNewValuesFromFile

A very powerful routine that sets new values for tags from information found
in a specified file.

    # set new values from all information in a file...
    my $info = $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($srcFile);
    # ...then write these values to another image
    my $result = $exifTool->WriteInfo($file2, $outFile);

    # set all new values, preserving original groups
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($srcFile, '*:*');

    # set specific information
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($srcFile, @tags);

    # set new value from a different tag in specific group
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($fp, 'XMP-dc:Subject<IPTC:Keywords');

    # add all IPTC keywords to XMP subject list
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($fp, 'XMP-dc:Subject+<IPTC:Keywords');

    # set new value from an expression involving other tags
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file,
        'Comment<ISO=$ISO Aperture=$aperture Exposure=$shutterSpeed');

    # set keywords list from the values of multiple tags
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file, { Replace => 0 },
        'keywords<xmp:subject', 'keywords<filename');

    # copy all EXIF information, preserving the original IFD
    # (without '*.*<' tags would be copied to the preferred EXIF IFD)
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file, '*:*<EXIF:*');

    # copy all tags with names starting with "gps" (note: this is
    # different than "gps:*" because it will also copy XMP GPS tags)
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file, 'gps*');

    # set FileName from Model, translating questionable characters
    $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file,
        'filename<${model; tr(/\\\\?*:|"><)(_) }.jpg');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) File name, file reference, or scalar reference

2-N) [optional] List of tag names to set or options hash references.  All
writable tags are set if none are specified.  The tag names are not case
sensitive, and may be prefixed by one or more family 0, 1, 2 or 7 group
names with optional leading family numbers, separated by colons (eg.
'exif:iso'). A leading '-' indicates tags to be excluded (eg. '-comment'),
or a trailing '#' causes the ValueConv value to be copied (same as setting
the Type option to 'ValueConv' for this tag only).  A leading '+' sets the
Replace option to 0 on a per-tag basis (see Options below).  Wildcards ('*'
and '?') may be used in the tag name.  A tag name of '*' is commonly used
when a group is specified to copy all tags in the group (eg. 'XMP:*').  A
special feature allows tag names of the form 'DSTTAGE<lt>SRCTAG' (or
'SRCTAGE<gt>DSTTAG') to be specified to copy information to a tag with a
different name or a specified group.  Both 'SRCTAG' and 'DSTTAG' may contain
wildcards and/or be prefixed by a group name (eg.
'fileModifyDateE<lt>modifyDate' or 'xmp:*E<lt>*'), and/or suffixed by a '#'
to disable print conversion.  Copied tags may also be added or deleted from
a list with arguments of the form 'DSTTAG+E<lt>SRCTAG' or
'DSTTAG-E<lt>SRCTAG'.  Tags are evaluated in order, so exclusions apply only
to tags included earlier in the list.  An extension of this feature allows
the tag value to be set from a string containing tag names with leading '$'
symbols (eg. 'CommentE<lt>the file is $filename'). Braces '{}' may be used
around the tag name to separate it from subsequent text, and a '$$' is used
to to represent a '$' symbol.  The behaviour for missing tags in expressions
is defined by the L</MissingTagValue> option. The tag value may be modified
via changes to the default input variable ($_) in a Perl expression placed
inside the braces and after a semicolon following the tag name (see the last
example above).  A '@' may be added after the tag name (before the
semicolon) to make the expression act on individual list items instead of
the concatenated string for list-type tags. Braces within the expression
must be balanced. Multiple options hash references may be passed to set
different options for different tags. Options apply to subsequent tags in
the argument list.

By default, this routine will commute information between same-named tags in
different groups, allowing information to be translated between images with
different formats.  This behaviour may be modified by specifying a group
name for extracted tags (even if '*' is used as a group name), in which case
the information is written to the original group, unless redirected to a
different group.  When '*' is used for a group name, by default the family 1
group of the original tag is preserved, but a different family may be
specified with a leading family number.  (For example, specifying '*:*'
copies all information while preserving the original family 1 groups, while
'0*:*' preserves the family 0 group.)

=item SetNewValuesFromFile Options:

The options are the same was for L</SetNewValue>, and are passed directly
to L</SetNewValue> internally, with a few exceptions:

- The Replace option defaults to 1 instead of 0 as with L</SetNewValue>,
however the tag name argument may be prefixed with '+' to set the Replace
option to 0 for this argument only.

- The AddValue or DelValue option is set for individual tags if '+>' or '->'
(or '+E<lt>' or '-E<lt>') are used.

- The Group option is set for tags where a group name is given.

- The Protected flag is set to 1 for individually specified tags.

- The Type option also applies to extracted tags.

=item Return Values:

A hash of information that was set successfully.  May include Warning or
Error entries if there were problems reading the input file.

=item Notes:

The PrintConv option applies to this routine, but it normally should be left
on to provide more reliable transfer of information between groups.

If a preview image exists, it is not copied.  The preview image must be
transferred separately if desired, in a separate call to L</WriteInfo>

When simply copying all information between files of the same type, it is
usually desirable to preserve the original groups by specifying '*:*' for
the tags to set.

The L</Duplicates> option is always in effect for tags extracted from the
source file using this routine.

The L</Struct> option is enabled by default for tags extracted by this
routine.  This allows the hierarchy of complex structures to be preserved
when copying, but the Struct option may be set to 0 to override this
behaviour and copy as flattened tags instead.

=back

=head2 CountNewValues

Return the total number of new values set.

    $numSet = $exifTool->CountNewValues();
    ($numSet, $numPseudo) = $exifTool->CountNewValues();

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

=item Return Values:

In scalar context, returns the total number of tags with new values set.  In
list context, also returns the number of "pseudo" tag values which have been
set.  "Pseudo" tags are tags like FileName and FileModifyDate which are not
contained within the file and can be changed without rewriting the file.

=back

=head2 SaveNewValues

Save state of new values to be later restored by L</RestoreNewValues>.

    $exifTool->SaveNewValues();         # save state of new values
    $exifTool->SetNewValue(ISO => 100); # set new value for ISO
    $exifTool->WriteInfo($src, $dst1);  # write ISO + previous new values
    $exifTool->RestoreNewValues();      # restore previous new values
    $exifTool->WriteInfo($src, $dst2);  # write previous new values only

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

=item Return Value:

Count of the number of times this routine has been called (N) since the last
time the new values were reset.

=back

=head2 RestoreNewValues

Restore new values to the settings that existed when L</SaveNewValues> was
last called.  May be called repeatedly after a single call to
L</SaveNewValues>.  See L</SaveNewValues> above for an example.

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

=item Return Value:

None.

=back

=head2 SetAlternateFile

Specify alternate file from which to read metadata.  Tags from the alternate
file are available after L</ExtractInfo> is called or during a call to
L</SetNewValuesFromFile> by using a family 8 group name (eg. 'File1' in the
example below).

    $exifTool->SetAlternateFile(File1 => 'images/test1.jpg');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Family 8 group name, case insensitive (eg. 'File1', 'File2'...)

2) Name of alternate input file, or undef to reset

=item Return Values:

1 on success, or 0 if the group name is invalid.

=back

=head2 SetFileModifyDate

Write the filesystem modification or creation time from the new value of the
FileModifyDate or FileCreateDate tag.

    $exifTool->SetNewValue(FileModifyDate => '2000:01:02 03:04:05-05:00',
                           Protected => 1);
    $result = $exifTool->SetFileModifyDate($file);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) File name

2) [optional] Base time if applying shift (days before $^T)

3) [optional] Tag to write: 'FileModifyDate' (default), or 'FileCreateDate'

=item Return Value:

1 if the time was changed, 0 if nothing was done, or -1 if there was an
error setting the time.

=item Notes:

Equivalent to, but more efficient than calling L</WriteInfo> when only the
FileModifyDate or FileCreateDate tag has been set.  If a timezone is not
specified, local time is assumed.  When shifting, the time of the original
file is used unless the optional base time is specified.

The ability to write FileCreateDate is currently restricted to Windows
systems only.

=back

=head2 SetFileName

Set the file name and directory, or create a hard link.  If not specified,
the new file name is derived from the new values of the FileName and
Directory tags, or from the HardLink or SymLink tag if creating a link.  If
the FileName tag contains a '/', then the file is renamed into a new
directory.  If FileName ends with '/', then it is taken as a directory name
and the file is moved into the new directory.  The new value for the
Directory tag takes precedence over any directory specified in FileName.

    $result = $exifTool->SetFileName($file);
    $result = $exifTool->SetFileName($file, $newName);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Current file name

2) [optional] New file name

3) [optional] 'HardLink' or 'SymLink' to create a hard or symbolic link
instead of renaming the file, or 'Test' to test renaming feature by printing
the old and new names instead of changing anything.

=item Return Value:

1 on success, 0 if nothing was done, or -1 if there was an error renaming the
file or creating the link.

=item Notes:

Will not overwrite existing files. New directories are created as necessary. 
If the file is successfully renamed, the new file name may be accessed via
C<$$exifTool{NewName}>.

=back

=head2 SetNewGroups

Set the order of the preferred groups when adding new information.  In
subsequent calls to L</SetNewValue>, new information will be created in the
first valid group of this list.  This has an impact only if the group is not
specified when calling L</SetNewValue> and if the tag name exists in more
than one group.  The default order is EXIF, IPTC, XMP, MakerNotes,
QuickTime, Photoshop, ICC_Profile, CanonVRD, Adobe.  Any family 0 group name
may be used.  Case is not significant.

    $exifTool->SetNewGroups('XMP','EXIF','IPTC');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1-N) Groups in order of priority.  If no groups are specified, the priorities
are reset to the defaults.

=item Return Value:

None.

=back

=head2 GetNewGroups

Get current group priority list.

    @groups = $exifTool->GetNewGroups();

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

=item Return Values:

List of group names in order of write priority.  Highest priority first.

=back

=head2 GetTagID

Get the ID for the specified tag.  The ID is the IFD tag number in EXIF
information, the property name in XMP information, or the data offset in a
binary data block.  For some tags, such as Composite tags where there is no
ID, an empty string is returned.  In list context, also returns a language
code for the tag if available and different from the default language (eg.
with alternate language entries for XMP "lang-alt" tags).

    $id = $exifTool->GetTagID($tag);
    ($id, $lang) = $exifTool->GetTagID($tag);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Tag key

=item Return Values:

In scalar context, returns the tag ID or '' if there is no ID for this tag.
In list context, returns the tag ID (or '') and the language code (or
undef).

=back

=head2 GetDescription

Get description for specified tag.  This function will always return a
defined value.  In the case where the description doesn't exist, one is
generated from the tag name.

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Tag key

=item Return Values:

A description for the specified tag.

=back

=head2 GetGroup

Get group name(s) for a specified tag.

    # return family 0 group name (eg. 'EXIF');
    $group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, 0);

    # return all groups (eg. qw{EXIF IFD0 Author Main})
    @groups = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag);

    # return groups as a string (eg. 'Main:IFD0:Author')
    $group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, ':3:1:2');

    # return groups as a simplified string (eg. 'IFD0:Author')
    $group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, '3:1:2');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) Tag key

2) [optional] Group family number, or string of numbers separated by colons

=item Return Values:

Group name (or '' if tag has no group).  If no group family is specified,
L</GetGroup> returns the name of the group in family 0 when called in scalar
context, or the names of groups for all families in list context.  Returns a
string of group names separated by colons if the input group family contains
a colon.  The string is simplified to remove a leading 'Main:' and adjacent
identical group names unless the family string begins with a colon.

=item Notes:

The group family numbers are currently available:

    0) Information Type         (eg. EXIF, XMP, IPTC)
    1) Specific Location        (eg. IFD0, XMP-dc)
    2) Category                 (eg. Author, Time)
    3) Document Number          (eg. Main, Doc1, Doc3-2)
    4) Instance Number          (eg. Copy1, Copy2, Copy3...)
    5) Metadata Path            (eg. JPEG-APP1-IFD0-ExifIFD)
    6) EXIF/TIFF Format         (eg. int8u, int32u, undef, string)
    7) Tag ID                   (eg. ID-271, ID-rights, ID-a9aut)
    8) Alternate File Number    (eg. File1, File2, File3...)

Families 0 and 1 are based on the file structure, and are similar except
that family 1 is more specific and sub-divides some groups to give more
detail about the specific location where the information was found.  For
example, the EXIF group is split up based on the specific IFD (Image File
Directory), the MakerNotes group is divided into groups for each
manufacturer, and the XMP group is separated based on the XMP namespace
prefix.  Note that only common XMP namespaces are listed in the
L<GetAllGroups documentation|/GetAllGroups [static]>, but additional
namespaces may be present in some XMP data.  Also note that the 'XMP-xmp...'
group names may appear in the older form 'XMP-xap...' since these names
evolved as the XMP standard was developed.  The ICC_Profile group is broken
down to give information about the specific ICC_Profile tag from which
multiple values were extracted.  As well, information extracted from the
ICC_Profile header is separated into the ICC-header group.

Family 2 classifies information based on the logical category to which the
information refers.

Family 3 gives the document number for tags extracted from embedded
documents, or 'Main' for tags from the main document.  (See the
L</ExtractEmbedded> option for extracting tags from embedded documents.) 
Nested sub-documents (if they exist) are indicated by numbers separated with
dashes in the group name, to an arbitrary depth. (eg. 'Doc2-3-1' is the 1st
sub-sub-document of the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded document of the
main file.)  Document numbers are also used to differentiate samples for
timed metadata in videos.

Family 4 provides a method for differentiating tags when multiple tags exist
with the same name in the same location.  The primary instance of a tag (the
tag extracted when the Duplicates option is disabled and no group is
specified) has no family 4 group name, but additional instances have family
4 group names of 'Copy1', 'Copy2', 'Copy3', etc.  For convenience, the
primary tag may also be accessed using a group name of 'Copy0'.

Family 5 is experimental, and gives the complete path for the metadata in
the file.  Generated only if the L</SavePath> option is used when
extracting.

Family 6 is currently used only for EXIF/TIFF metadata, and gives the format
type of the extracted value.  Generated only if the L</SaveFormat> option is
used when extracting.

Family 7 is used for tag ID's.  The group names are the actual tag ID's,
with a leading "ID-" string.  Non-numerical ID's have characters other than
[-_A-Za-z0-9] converted to hex.  Numerical tag ID's are returned in hex if
the L</HexTagIDs> option is set, otherwise decimal is used.  When specifying
a family 7 group name, numerical ID's may be in hex or decimal, and
non-numerical ID's may or may not have characters other than [-_A-Za-z0-9]
converted to hex.  Note that unlike other group names, the tag ID's of
family 7 group names are case sensitive (but the leading "ID-" is not).

Family 8 specifies the alternate file set from a call to L</SetAlternateFile>.

See L</GetAllGroups [static]> for complete lists of group names.

=back

=head2 GetGroups

Get list of group names that exist in the specified information.

    @groups = $exifTool->GetGroups($info, 2);
    @groups = $exifTool->GetGroups('3:1');

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

1) [optional] Info hash ref (default is all extracted info)

2) [optional] Group family number, or string of numbers (default 0)

=item Return Values:

List of group names in alphabetical order. If information hash is not
specified, the group names are returned for all extracted information. See
L</GetGroup> for an description of family numbers and family number strings.

=back

=head2 BuildCompositeTags

Builds composite tags from required tags.  The composite tags are
convenience tags which are derived from the values of other tags.  This
routine is called automatically by L</ImageInfo> and L</ExtractInfo> if the
Composite option is set.

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) ExifTool object reference

=item Return Values:

(none)

=item Notes:

Tag values are calculated in alphabetical order unless a tag Require's or
Desire's another composite tag, in which case the calculation is deferred
until after the other tag is calculated.

Composite tags may need to read data from the image for their value to be
determined, and for these L</BuildCompositeTags> must be called while the
image is available.  This is only a problem if L</ImageInfo> is called with
a filename (as opposed to a file reference or scalar reference) since in
this case the file is closed before L</ImageInfo> returns.  Here the
Composite option may be used so that L</BuildCompositeTags> is called from
within L</ImageInfo>, before the file is closed.

=back

=head2 GetTagName [static]

Get name of tag from tag key.  This is a convenience function that
strips the embedded instance number, if it exists, from the tag key.

Note: "static" in the heading above indicates that the function does not
require an ExifTool object reference as the first argument.  All functions
documented below are also static.

    $tagName = Image::ExifTool::GetTagName($tag);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) Tag key

=item Return Value:

Tag name.  This is the same as the tag key but has the instance number
removed.

=back

=head2 GetShortcuts [static]

Get a list of shortcut tags.

=over 4

=item Inputs:

(none)

=item Return Values:

List of shortcut tags (as defined in Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts).

=back

=head2 GetAllTags [static]

Get list of all available tag names.

    @tagList = Image::ExifTool::GetAllTags($group);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) [optional] Group name, or string of group names separated by colons

=item Return Values:

A list of all available tags in alphabetical order, or all tags in a
specified group or intersection of groups.  The group name is case
insensitive, and any group in families 0-2 may be used except for EXIF
family 1 groups (ie. the specific IFD).

=back

=head2 GetWritableTags [static]

Get list of all writable tag names.

    @tagList = Image::ExifTool::GetWritableTags($group);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) [optional] Group name, or string of group names separated by colons

=item Return Values:

A list of all writable tags in alphabetical order.  These are the tags for
which values may be set through L</SetNewValue>.  If a group name is given,
returns only writable tags in specified group(s).  The group name is case
insensitive, and any group in families 0-2 may be used except for EXIF
family 1 groups (ie. the specific IFD).

=back

=head2 GetAllGroups [static]

Get list of all group names in specified family.

    @groupList = Image::ExifTool::GetAllGroups($family);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) Group family number (0-7)

=item Return Values:

A list of all groups in the specified family in alphabetical order.

=back

Here is a complete list of groups for each of these families:

=over 4

=item Family 0 (Information Type):

AFCP, AIFF, APE, APP0, APP1, APP11, APP12, APP13, APP14, APP15, APP2, APP3,
APP4, APP5, APP6, APP8, ASF, Audible, CanonVRD, Composite, DICOM, DNG, DV,
DjVu, Ducky, EXE, EXIF, ExifTool, FITS, FLAC, FLIR, File, Flash, FlashPix,
Font, FotoStation, GIF, GIMP, GeoTiff, GoPro, H264, HTML, ICC_Profile, ID3,
IPTC, ISO, ITC, JFIF, JPEG, JSON, JUMBF, Jpeg2000, LNK, Leaf, Lytro, M2TS,
MIE, MIFF, MISB, MNG, MOI, MPC, MPEG, MPF, MXF, MakerNotes, Matroska, Meta,
Ogg, OpenEXR, Opus, PDF, PICT, PLIST, PNG, PSP, Palm, Parrot, PanasonicRaw,
PhotoCD, PhotoMechanic, Photoshop, PostScript, PrintIM, QuickTime, RAF,
RIFF, RSRC, RTF, Radiance, Rawzor, Real, Red, SVG, SigmaRaw, Stim, Theora,
Torrent, Trailer, UserParam, VCard, Vorbis, WTV, XML, XMP, ZIP

=item Family 1 (Specific Location):

AC3, AFCP, AIFF, APE, ASF, AVI1, Adobe, AdobeCM, AdobeDNG, Apple, Audible,
CBOR, CIFF, CameraIFD, Canon, CanonCustom, CanonDR4, CanonRaw, CanonVRD,
Casio, Chapter#, Composite, DICOM, DJI, DNG, DV, DjVu, DjVu-Meta, Ducky,
EPPIM, EXE, EXIF, ExifIFD, ExifTool, FITS, FLAC, FLIR, File, Flash,
FlashPix, Font, FotoStation, FujiFilm, FujiIFD, GE, GIF, GIMP, GPS,
GSpherical, Garmin, GeoTiff, GlobParamIFD, GoPro, GraphConv, H264, HP, HTC,
HTML, HTML-dc, HTML-ncc, HTML-office, HTML-prod, HTML-vw96, HTTP-equiv,
ICC-chrm, ICC-clrt, ICC-header, ICC-meas, ICC-meta, ICC-view, ICC_Profile,
ICC_Profile#, ID3, ID3v1, ID3v1_Enh, ID3v2_2, ID3v2_3, ID3v2_4, IFD0, IFD1,
IPTC, IPTC#, ISO, ITC, InfiRay, Insta360, InteropIFD, ItemList, JFIF, JFXX,
JPEG, JPEG-HDR, JPS, JSON, JUMBF, JVC, Jpeg2000, KDC_IFD, Keys, Kodak,
KodakBordersIFD, KodakEffectsIFD, KodakIFD, KyoceraRaw, LNK, Leaf,
LeafSubIFD, Leica, Lyrics3, Lytro, M2TS, MAC, MIE-Audio, MIE-Camera,
MIE-Canon, MIE-Doc, MIE-Extender, MIE-Flash, MIE-GPS, MIE-Geo, MIE-Image,
MIE-Lens, MIE-Main, MIE-MakerNotes, MIE-Meta, MIE-Orient, MIE-Preview,
MIE-Thumbnail, MIE-UTM, MIE-Unknown, MIE-Video, MIFF, MISB, MNG, MOBI, MOI,
MPC, MPEG, MPF0, MPImage, MS-DOC, MXF, MacOS, MakerNotes, MakerUnknown,
Matroska, MediaJukebox, Meta, MetaIFD, Microsoft, Minolta, MinoltaRaw,
Motorola, NITF, Nikon, NikonCapture, NikonCustom, NikonScan, NikonSettings,
NineEdits, Nintendo, Ocad, Ogg, Olympus, OpenEXR, Opus, PDF, PICT, PNG,
PNG-cICP, PNG-pHYs, PSP, Palm, Panasonic, PanasonicRaw, Parrot, Pentax,
PhaseOne, PhotoCD, PhotoMechanic, Photoshop, PictureInfo, PostScript,
PreviewIFD, PrintIM, ProfileIFD, Qualcomm, QuickTime, RAF, RAF2, RIFF,
RMETA, RSRC, RTF, Radiance, Rawzor, Real, Real-CONT, Real-MDPR, Real-PROP,
Real-RA3, Real-RA4, Real-RA5, Real-RJMD, Reconyx, Red, Ricoh, SPIFF, SR2,
SR2DataIFD, SR2SubIFD, SRF#, SVG, Samsung, Sanyo, Scalado, Sigma, SigmaRaw,
Sony, SonyIDC, Stim, SubIFD, System, Theora, Torrent, Track#, UserData,
VCalendar, VCard, VNote, Version0, Vorbis, WTV, XML, XMP, XMP-DICOM,
XMP-Device, XMP-GAudio, XMP-GCamera, XMP-GCreations, XMP-GDepth, XMP-GFocus,
XMP-GImage, XMP-GPano, XMP-GSpherical, XMP-LImage, XMP-MP, XMP-MP1,
XMP-PixelLive, XMP-aas, XMP-acdsee, XMP-album, XMP-apple-fi, XMP-ast,
XMP-aux, XMP-cc, XMP-cell, XMP-crd, XMP-creatorAtom, XMP-crs, XMP-dc,
XMP-dex, XMP-digiKam, XMP-drone-dji, XMP-dwc, XMP-exif, XMP-exifEX,
XMP-expressionmedia, XMP-extensis, XMP-fpv, XMP-getty, XMP-hdr, XMP-ics,
XMP-iptcCore, XMP-iptcExt, XMP-lr, XMP-mediapro, XMP-microsoft,
XMP-mwg-coll, XMP-mwg-kw, XMP-mwg-rs, XMP-nine, XMP-pdf, XMP-pdfx,
XMP-photomech, XMP-photoshop, XMP-plus, XMP-pmi, XMP-prism, XMP-prl,
XMP-prm, XMP-pur, XMP-rdf, XMP-sdc, XMP-swf, XMP-tiff, XMP-x, XMP-xmp,
XMP-xmpBJ, XMP-xmpDM, XMP-xmpMM, XMP-xmpNote, XMP-xmpPLUS, XMP-xmpRights,
XMP-xmpTPg, ZIP, iTunes

=item Family 2 (Category):

Audio, Author, Camera, Device, Document, ExifTool, Image, Location, Other,
Preview, Printing, Time, Unknown, Video

=item Family 3 (Document Number):

Doc#, Main

=item Family 4 (Instance Number):

Copy#

=item Family 5 (Metadata Path):

eg. JPEG-APP1-IFD0-ExifIFD

=item Family 6 (EXIF/TIFF Format):

int8u, string, int16u, int32u, rational64u, int8s, undef, int16s, int32s,
rational64s, float, double, ifd, unicode, complex, int64u, int64s, ifd64

=item Family 7 (Tag ID):

ID-xxx (Where xxx is the tag ID.  Numerical ID's are returned in hex with a
leading "0x" if the HexTagIDs option is set, or decimal otherwise. 
Characters in non-numerical ID's which are not valid in a group name are
returned as 2 hex digits.)

=item Family 8 (Alternate File):

File#

=back

Note:  This function may also be called as an ExifTool member function to
allow the HexTagIDs option to be set when retrieving family 7 group names.

=head2 GetDeleteGroups [static]

Get list of all deletable group names.

    @delGroups = Image::ExifTool::GetDeleteGroups();

=over 4

=item Inputs:

None.

=item Return Values:

A list of deletable group names in alphabetical order.  The current list of
deletable group names is:

Adobe, AFCP, APP0, APP1, APP10, APP11, APP12, APP13, APP14, APP15, APP2,
APP3, APP4, APP5, APP6, APP7, APP8, APP9, Audio, Author, Camera, CanonVRD,
CIFF, Document, Ducky, EXIF, ExifIFD, ExifTool, File, FlashPix, FotoStation,
GlobParamIFD, GPS, ICC_Profile, IFD0, IFD1, Image, Insta360, InteropIFD,
IPTC, ItemList, JFIF, Jpeg2000, Keys, Location, MakerNotes, Meta, MetaIFD,
Microsoft, MIE, MPF, NikonCapture, Other, PDF, PDF-update, PhotoMechanic,
Photoshop, PNG, PNG-pHYs, Preview, PrintIM, Printing, QuickTime, RMETA,
RSRC, SubIFD, Time, Trailer, UserData, Video, XML, XML-*, XMP, XMP-*

To schedule a group for deletion, call L</SetNewValue> with a tag name like
'EXIF:*' and an undefined tag value.

Deleting a family 0 or 1 group will delete the entire corresponding block of
metadata, but deleting a family 2 group (eg. Audio, Author, Camera, etc.)
deletes the individual tags belonging to that category.

The 'Trailer' group allows all trailers in JPEG and TIFF-format images to be
deleted at once, including unknown trailers.  Note that the JPEG "APP"
groups are special, and are used only to delete application segments which
are not associated with another deletable group. For example, deleting
'APP14:*' will delete other APP14 segments, but not the APP14 "Adobe"
segment.

=back

=head2 GetFileType [static]

Get type of file given file name.

    my $type = Image::ExifTool::GetFileType($filename);
    my $desc = Image::ExifTool::GetFileType($filename, 1);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) [optional] File name (or just an extension)

1) [optional] Flag to return a description instead of a type.  Default is
undef.  Set to 0 to also return types of recognized but unsupported files
(otherwise the return value for unsupported files is undef), or 1 to return
descriptions.

=item Return Value:

A string, based on the file extension, which indicates the basic format of
the file.  Note that some files may be based on other formats (like many RAW
image formats are based on TIFF).  In list context, may return more than one
file type if the file may be based on different formats.  Returns undef if
files with this extension are not yet supported by ExifTool.  Returns a list
of extensions for all supported file types if no input extension is
specified (or all recognized file types if the description flag is set to
0). Returns a more detailed description of the specific file format when the
description flag is set.

=back

=head2 CanWrite [static]

Can the specified file be written?

    my $writable = Image::ExifTool::CanWrite($filename);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) File name or extension

=item Return Value:

True if ExifTool supports writing files of this type (based on the file
extension).

=back

=head2 CanCreate [static]

Can the specified file be created?

    my $creatable = Image::ExifTool::CanCreate($filename);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) File name or extension

=item Return Value:

True if ExifTool can create files with this extension from scratch.
Currently, this can only be done with XMP, MIE, ICC, VRD, DR4, EXV and EXIF
files.

=back

=head2 AddUserDefinedTags [static]

Add user-defined tags to an existing tag table at run time.  This differs
from the usual technique of creating user-defined tags via the
%Image::ExifTool::UserDefined hash (see the ExifTool_config file in the
Image::ExifTool distribution) because it allows tags to be added after a tag
table has been initialized.

    use Image::ExifTool ':Public';
    my %tags = (
        TestTagID1 => { Name => 'TestTagName1' },
        TestTagID2 => { Name => 'TestTagName2' },
    );
    my $num = AddUserDefinedTags('Image::ExifTool::PDF::Info', %tags);

=over 4

=item Inputs:

0) Destination tag table name

1-N) Pairs of tag ID / tag information hash references for the new tags

=item Return Value:

The number of tags added.

=item Notes

Pre-existing tags with the same ID will be replaced in the destination
table. See lib/Image/ExifTool/README in the full distribution for full
details on the elements of the tag information hash.

=back

=head1 CHARACTER ENCODINGS

Certain meta information formats allow coded character sets other than plain
ASCII.  When reading, most known encodings are converted to the external
character set according to the L</Charset> option, or to UTF-8 by default.
When writing, the inverse conversions are performed.  Alternatively, special
characters may be converted to/from HTML character entities with the
L</Escape> HTML option.

A distinction is made between the external character set visible via the
ExifTool API, and the internal character used to store text in the metadata
of a file.  These character sets may be specified separately as follows:

=over 4

=item External Character Sets:

The encoding for tag values passed to/from ExifTool API functions is set via
the L</Charset> option, which is 'UTF8' by default.

The encoding of file names is specified via the L</CharsetFileName> option.
By default, L</CharsetFileName> is not defined, and file names passed to
ExifTool are used directly in calls to the system i/o routines (which expect
UTF-8 strings on Mac/Linux, but default to the system code page on Windows).
In this mode on Windows a warning is issued if a file name contains special
characters, but this warning may be avoided by setting L</CharsetFileName>
to an empty string.  Setting L</CharsetFileName> to any other value causes
file names to be converted from the specified encoding to one appropriate
for the system.  In Windows this also has the effect of activating Unicode
filename support via the special Windows wide-character i/o routines if
Win32API::File is available.

=item Internal Character Sets:

The encodings used to store strings in the various metadata formats.  These
encodings may be changed for certain types of metadata via the
L</CharsetEXIF>, L</CharsetID3>, L</CharsetIPTC>, L</CharsetPhotoshop>,
L</CharsetQuickTime> and L</CharsetRIFF> options.

=back

Values are returned as byte strings of encoded characters.  Perl wide
characters are not used.  By default, most returned strings are encoded in
UTF-8.  For these, Encode::decode_utf8() may be used to convert to a
sequence of logical Perl characters.  Note that some settings of the
PERL_UNICODE environment variable may be incompatible with ExifTool's
character handling.

More specific details are given below about how character coding is handled
for EXIF, IPTC, XMP, PNG, ID3, PDF, Photoshop, QuickTime, AIFF, MIE and
Vorbis information:

=head2 EXIF

Most textual information in EXIF is stored in ASCII format (called "string"
in the L<ExifTool tag name documentation|Image::ExifTool::TagNames>). By
default ExifTool does not convert these strings.  However, it is not
uncommon for applications to write UTF-8 or other encodings where ASCII is
expected.  To deal with these, ExifTool allows the internal EXIF string
encoding to be specified with L</CharsetEXIF>, which causes EXIF string
values to be converted from the specified character set when reading, and
stored with this character set when writing.  (The MWG recommends using
UTF-8 encoding for EXIF strings, and in keeping with this the
L<MWG|Image::ExifTool::MWG> module sets the default internal EXIF string
encoding to UTF-8, but note that this will have no effect unless the
external encoding is also set to something other than the default of UTF-8.)

A few EXIF tags (UserComment, GPSProcessingMethod and GPSAreaInformation)
support a designated internal text encoding, with values stored as ASCII,
Unicode (UCS-2) or JIS.  When reading these tags, ExifTool converts Unicode
and JIS to the external character set specified by the L</Charset>
option, or to UTF-8 by default.  ASCII text is not converted. When writing,
text is stored as ASCII unless the string contains special characters, in
which case it is converted from the external character set (UTF-8 by
default), and stored as Unicode. ExifTool writes Unicode in native EXIF byte
ordering by default, but the byte order may be specified by setting the
ExifUnicodeByteOrder tag (see the
L<Extra Tags documentation|Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags>).

The EXIF "XP" tags (XPTitle, XPComment, etc) are always stored as
little-endian Unicode (UCS-2), and are read and written using the specified
character set.

=head2 IPTC

The value of the IPTC:CodedCharacterSet tag determines how the internal IPTC
string values are interpreted.  If CodedCharacterSet exists and has a value
of 'UTF8' (or 'ESC % G') then string values are assumed to be stored as
UTF-8, otherwise Windows Latin1 (cp1252, 'Latin') coding is assumed by
default, but this can be changed with the L</CharsetIPTC> option.  When
reading, these strings are converted to the character set specified by the
L</Charset> option.  When writing, the inverse conversions are performed. 
No conversion is done if the internal (IPTC) and external (ExifTool)
character sets are the same.  Note that ISO 2022 character set shifting is
not supported.  Instead, a warning is issued and the string is not converted
if an ISO 2022 shift code is encountered.  See L<http://www.iptc.org/IIM/>
for the official IPTC specification.

ExifTool may be used to convert IPTC values to a different internal
encoding.  To do this, all IPTC tags must be rewritten along with the
desired value of CodedCharacterSet.  For example, the following command
changes the internal IPTC encoding to UTF-8 (from Windows Latin1 unless
CodedCharacterSet was already 'UTF8'):

  exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset=utf8 a.jpg

or from Windows Latin2 (cp1250) to UTF-8:

  exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset=utf8 \
  -charset iptc=latin2 a.jpg

and this command changes it back from UTF-8 to Windows Latin1 (cp1252):

  exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset= a.jpg

or to Windows Latin2:

  exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset= \
  -charset iptc=latin2 a.jpg

Unless CodedCharacterSet is 'UTF8', applications have no reliable way to
determine the IPTC character encoding.  For this reason, it is recommended
that CodedCharacterSet be set to 'UTF8' when creating new IPTC.

(Note: Here, "IPTC" Refers to the older IPTC IIM format.  The more recent
IPTC Core and Extension specifications actually use the XMP format.)

=head2 XMP

ExifTool reads XMP encoded as UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32, and converts them all
to UTF-8 internally.  Also, all XML character entity references and numeric
character references are converted.  When writing, ExifTool always encodes
XMP as UTF-8, converting the following 5 characters to XML character
references: E<amp> E<lt> E<gt> E<39> E<quot>.  By default no further
conversion is performed, however if the L</Charset> option is other than
'UTF8' then text is converted to/from the specified character set when
reading/writing.

=head2 PNG

L<PNG TextualData tags|Image::ExifTool::TagNames/"PNG TextualData Tags"> are
stored as tEXt, zTXt and iTXt chunks in PNG images.  The tEXt and zTXt
chunks use ISO 8859-1 encoding, while iTXt uses UTF-8.  When reading,
ExifTool converts all PNG textual data to the character set specified by the
L</Charset> option.  When writing, ExifTool generates a tEXt chunk (or zTXt
with the L</Compress> option) if the text doesn't contain special characters
or if Latin encoding is specified; otherwise an iTXt chunk is used and the
text is converted from the specified character set and stored as UTF-8.

=head2 JPEG Comment

The encoding for the JPEG Comment (COM segment) is not specified, so
ExifTool reads/writes this text without conversion.

=head2 ID3

The ID3v1 specification officially supports only ISO 8859-1 encoding (a
subset of Windows Latin1), although some applications may incorrectly use
other character sets.  By default ExifTool converts ID3v1 text from Latin to
the character set specified by the L</Charset> option.  However, the
internal ID3v1 charset may be specified with the L</CharsetID3> option.  The
encoding for ID3v2 information is stored in the file, so ExifTool converts
ID3v2 text from this encoding to the character set specified by the
L</Charset> option. ExifTool does not currently write ID3 information.

=head2 PDF

PDF text strings are stored in either PDFDocEncoding (similar to Windows
Latin1) or Unicode (UCS-2).  When reading, ExifTool converts to the
character set specified by the L</Charset> option.  When writing, ExifTool
encodes input text from the specified character set as Unicode only if the
string contains special characters, otherwise PDFDocEncoding is used.

=head2 Photoshop

Some Photoshop resource names are stored as Pascal strings with unknown
encoding.  By default, ExifTool assumes MacRoman encoding and converts this
to UTF-8, but the internal and external character sets may be specified with
the L</CharsetPhotoshop> and L</Charset> options respectively.

=head2 QuickTime

QuickTime text strings may be stored in a variety of poorly document
formats. ExifTool does its best to decode these according to the L</Charset>
option setting.  For some QuickTime strings, ExifTool assumes a default
encoding of MacRoman, but this may be changed with the L</CharsetQuickTime>
option.

=head2 AIFF

AIFF strings are assumed to be stored in MacRoman, and are converted
according to the L</Charset> option when reading.

=head2 RIFF

The internal encoding of RIFF strings (eg. in AVI and WAV files) is assumed
to be Latin unless otherwise specified by the RIFF CSET chunk or the
L</CharsetRIFF> option.

=head2 MIE

MIE strings are stored as either UTF-8 or ISO 8859-1. When reading, UTF-8
strings are converted according to the L</Charset> option, and ISO 8859-1
strings are never converted.  When writing, input strings are converted from
the specified character set to UTF-8.  The resulting strings are stored as
UTF-8 if they contain multi-byte UTF-8 character sequences, otherwise they
are stored as ISO 8859-1.

=head2 Vorbis

Vorbis comments are stored as UTF-8, and are converted to the character set
specified by the L</Charset> option.

=head1 AUTHOR

Copyright 2003-2023, Phil Harvey

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people have helped in the development of ExifTool through their bug
reports, comments and suggestions, and/or additions to the code.  See the
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in the individual Image::ExifTool modules and in
html/index.html of the Image::ExifTool distribution package for a list of
people who have contributed to this project.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<exiftool(1)|exiftool>,
L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::TagNames>,
L<Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts>,
L<Image::ExifTool::Shift(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl>,
L<Image::Info(3pm)|Image::Info>,
L<Image::MetaData::JPEG(3pm)|Image::MetaData::JPEG>

=cut

# end
